secondary
Indian Elm
papri
Holoptelea integrifolia
Also known as Kanju (Pakistan).
- punjab plains
- pothohar
- sindh coast
International hardiness
- USDA 10-11
- RHS H1c
- AU: Tropical, Subtropical
Where it grows — regional guide
| Region | Zones / rating | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Pakistan | Punjab plains, Pothohar, Sindh coast | Large deciduous shade tree of the plains; planted for timber, firewood, and shade, but it is not documented as an edible food crop. |
| United States (USDA) | USDA 10-11 | — |
| Canada | USDA 10-11 (USDA scale)Canada uses its own zone system; Canadian zones run roughly one lower than USDA. | — |
| UK & Ireland (RHS) | H1c (5 to 10C) | — |
| Australia | Tropical, Subtropical | Planted in frost-free tropical landscapes for wide shade and timber; it is a fast-growing tree, but is not an edible human food crop. |
| India | — | Native deciduous tree cultivated for timber and shade; it is a tough, heat-tolerant species, but is not an edible human food crop. |
| Middle East & North Africa | — | Drought-hardy deciduous tree suited to arid landscapes; yields firewood, timber, and shade, but it is not an edible human food crop. |
The Indian elm (Holoptelea integrifolia) is a large, fast-growing deciduous tree in the elm family (Ulmaceae), native to lowland tropical and subtropical Asia.12 Also called the jungle cork tree, entire-leaved elm, and South Indian elm tree, it is found across most of the Indian subcontinent, Indo-China, and Myanmar.124 For a homesteader on hot, seasonally dry ground, its appeal is straightforward: it is a tough, heat- and drought-tolerant shade tree with strong powers of natural regeneration, a robust, low-demand tree that shades a yard or paddock and supplies fuelwood and timber where more delicate trees struggle.12
It is a substantial tree at maturity, typically reaching 18 to 25 m tall — occasionally over 30 m — with a broad crown of ascending branches, so plan its position with that eventual size in mind.1235
How to identify Indian elm
A few field characters make this tree recognizable:35
- Bark: Grey and covered with blisters, peeling off in corky scales on older trees. Crushed bark gives off an unpleasant odour — a distinctive cue that gives the tree one of its names.35
- Leaves: Alternate, elliptic to ovate, about 8 to 13 cm long and 3 to 6.5 cm wide, with an entire margin (sometimes faintly toothed), a pointed tip, and a rounded or heart-shaped base; stipules are lance-shaped. Crushed leaves, like the bark, smell unpleasant.35
- Flowers: Small, greenish-yellow to brownish and hairy, borne in short clusters at the scars of fallen leaves, usually with four velvety sepals.35
- Fruit: A flat, one-seeded samara (winged seed), circular to obliquely elliptic in outline, light brown, and roughly 2.5 to 3.5 cm across, with membranous, net-veined wings enclosing the seed.35
Grey corky bark, foul-smelling crushed foliage, and round papery winged seeds about 2.5 cm or more across are the clearest way to separate Indian elm from other broad-canopy shade trees.35
Growing Indian elm
In the wild this tree occurs mostly on plains, but also on hills up to about 1,100 m elevation, in dry deciduous forest and as a roadside and village shade tree.125 It is specifically valued in ecological forestry for its heat and drought tolerance and its strong regenerative ability, which points to a tree well adapted to hot, seasonally dry climates rather than cold or wet ones.12
The primary botanical sources do not assign USDA hardiness zones. Given its native climate — tropical and subtropical regions whose coldest winters are generally above freezing — it is best treated as a tree for warm, frost-free to near-frost-free climates (broadly USDA zones 10 to 12, with potential into a warm zone 9 in frost-protected spots). That zone range is an inference from its native range, not a figure stated in the literature.12
Reliable extension-style cultivation data for this species are sparse, so a careful grower should work from what is documented and not invent precision. The tree is commonly harvested from the wild rather than from formal nurseries, and it sets an abundant winged seed (samara); as with elms generally, that seed is the practical means of propagation.125 Detailed sowing dates, germination temperatures, spacing, water schedules, and time-to-maturity figures are not consistently documented, so they are left out rather than stated with false confidence. In practice, treat it as a heat- and drought-adapted tree: give it open ground and full sun, allow generous spacing for a crown that may exceed 18 m, and lean on its drought tolerance once established.12
Harvest and uses
Indian elm is grown chiefly for what a working tree provides rather than for food: it is widely used for timber, fuelwood, and shade, and it has a long record in traditional medicine.123 Its broad crown makes it a genuine shade tree for yards, roadsides, and grazing land, and its vigorous natural regeneration suits ecological forestry on degraded or seasonally dry sites.12
By contrast, there is little reliable documentation of its use as a staple human food, so it should not be relied on as edible.12 The bark and leaves carry a long ethnomedicinal record and have been the subject of pharmacological and pharmacognostic study, which adds cultural value — but this is traditional and research use, not proven medical treatment.23
Safety and cautions
Although Indian elm appears in traditional medicine, the sources are explicit that there is little reliable documentation of its use as a food and no formal toxicity evaluations of the plant.123 A few grounded points:
- The tree’s value is as a timber, fuel, and shade species rather than an edible one, and it should not be treated as a food crop.135
- Because no formal toxicity assessment exists in the literature, any internal use — culinary or medicinal — should be approached cautiously and only under qualified professional guidance.12
- This profile makes no medical claim: a long history of traditional use is not the same as a proven, safe treatment for any condition.23