Buffel Grass

Buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris, also placed in the genus as Pennisetum ciliare) is a perennial, tussock-forming bunchgrass valued as a drought-tolerant forage and erosion-control plant across arid and semi-arid country.135 It is native to much of Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, western Asia and the Indian subcontinent, but it has spread well beyond that range and is now naturalised or invasive in Australia, the southern United States, Mexico, Central and South America, and many Pacific islands including Hawai‘i.123 For the dryland homesteader it is a low-input grass that lays down living cover and dry-season fodder on hot, sandy ground where little else will hold — but it is a plant to site with care, because the toughness that makes it useful also makes it aggressively weedy.

It grows as an erect, clumping perennial with culms roughly 10 to 150 cm tall, often forming dense tussocks or mats with a fibrous, frequently stoloniferous root system at the base.13 The bluish-green leaf blades are narrow and softly hairy on the upper surface, generally in the range of 3 to 30 cm long; one regional profile records blades up to about 40 cm long and 2 to 7 mm wide, with a short membranous ligule under about 1.5 mm.23 The seed head is the easiest field mark: a dense, cylindrical, spike-like inflorescence resembling a short bottlebrush or pipe-cleaner, typically 2 to 14 cm long and coloured purple, grey, or yellowish.234 The seed units, called burs, run about 7.5 to 10 mm long and are surrounded by numerous bristles — the outer ones short and barbed, the inner ones forming a small basal cup — with the florets sitting solitary or clustered inside.23

Growing buffel grass

Buffel grass is a warm-climate plant of semi-arid, tropical, subtropical, and warmer temperate regions.135 It performs best where summers are warm with some summer rainfall, and it is genuinely drought-tolerant once established, the basis of its use on arid rangeland.35 The key climatic limit is cold: the Nature Conservancy notes that the species requires summer moisture and is not cold tolerant, and it is intolerant of hard frost, so cooler winter climates restrict it to warmer zones.35 In suitable regions it grows from sea level up to about 2,000 m.3

It favours dry, sandy and free-draining soils and readily colonises a wide variety of disturbed habitats — rangelands, roadsides, and broken ground — which is both its agronomic strength and its weedy tendency.124 The dense, fibrous, often stoloniferous root system lets it knit together a continuous sward on loose arid soils, which is what makes it effective for stabilising bare ground.234 Give it full sun and an open seedbed; the research does not specify precise sowing depths, spacing, or days to maturity, so take those details from a local seed supplier rather than guessing.

Harvest and uses

The plant’s primary value on a homestead or rangeland is as forage. Buffel grass is widely planted as a drought-tolerant pasture and erosion-control species, and it is generally considered non-toxic to livestock and to humans as a fodder grass.135 Its deep, dense root system and tussock habit let it carry stock and hold soil through dry conditions where sown pasture would fail, the main reason it has been spread so widely as a cultivated grass.35 Beyond grazing, its chief practical role is ground stabilisation: the continuous, fibrous-rooted sward binds loose, sandy soil and resists erosion on arid sites.34 The research does not give specific forage yields, so no tonnage figures are claimed.

How to identify it

To separate buffel grass from other arid bunchgrasses, work through several features together. Look for an erect, tufted perennial forming tussocks or mats, with bluish-green, soft-haired leaf blades.123 The decisive character is the seed head: a dense cylindrical bottlebrush 2 to 14 cm long, purple to grey or yellowish, made up of bristly burs about 7.5 to 10 mm long in which the seeds sit surrounded by barbed outer bristles and a small inner cup at the base.234 The stoloniferous base and the habit of forming continuous, fire-prone stands on dry, disturbed ground are further confirmation.234

Safety and cautions

As a fodder grass, buffel grass is generally regarded as non-toxic to both livestock and humans.5 Even so, some animal-health problems have been reported in specific circumstances, notably photosensitisation and oxalate-related issues in horses, so it is not wholly risk-free for all classes of stock.5 The more important caution for the homesteader is ecological rather than dietary: buffel grass is a recognised invasive weed in many countries, spreading by seed into disturbed and natural habitats and forming dense, fire-prone swards.124 Plant it only where you intend to graze or stabilise soil, contain its spread, and keep it well away from intact native vegetation; in several regions it is managed or controlled as an environmental weed.123

Sources

1. “Cenchrus ciliaris (Buffel Grass).” Environmental Weeds of Australia — Lucidcentral / The University of Queensland.
2. “Buffelgrass (Cenchrus ciliaris).” Hawai‘i Invasive Species Council, State of Hawai‘i Department of Land and Natural Resources.
3. “Buffelgrass (Cenchrus ciliaris) Technical Bulletin.” The Nature Conservancy.
4. “Cenchrus ciliaris” (Journal of Arid Environments). ScienceDirect.
5. “Buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris).” Feedipedia — Animal Feed Resources Information System (INRAE/CIRAD/AFZ/FAO).